Differences in white matter reflect atypical developmental trajectory in autism: A Tract-based Spatial Statistics study☆

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which white matter (WM) maturation is affected. We assessed WM integrity in 16 adolescents and 14 adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in matched neurotypical controls (NT) using diffusion weighted imaging and Tract-based Spatial Statistics. Decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) was observed in adolescents with ASD in tracts involved in emotional face processing, language, and executive functioning, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi. Remarkably, no differences in FA were observed between ASD and NT adults. We evaluated the effect of age on WM development across the entire age range. Positive correlations between FA values and age were observed in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, the corpus callosum, and the cortical spinal tract of ASD participants, but not in NT participants. Our data underscore the dynamic nature of brain development in ASD, showing the presence of an atypical process of WM maturation, that appears to normalize over time and could be at the basis of behavioral improvements often observed in high-functioning autism

Perception of Social Cues of Danger in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Intuitive grasping of the meaning of subtle social cues is particularly affected in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Despite their relevance in social communication, the effect of averted gaze in fearful faces in conveying a signal of environmental threat has not been investigated using real face stimuli in adults with ASD. Here, using functional MRI, we show that briefly presented fearful faces with averted gaze, previously shown to be a strong communicative signal of environmental danger, produce different patterns of brain activation than fearful faces with direct gaze in a group of 26 normally intelligent adults with ASD compared with 26 matched controls. While implicit cue of threat produces brain activation in attention, emotion processing and mental state attribution networks in controls, this effect is absent in individuals with ASD. Instead, individuals with ASD show activation in the subcortical face-processing system in response to direct eye contact. An effect of differences in looking behavior was excluded in a separate eye tracking experiment. Our data suggest that individuals with ASD are more sensitive to direct eye contact than to social signals of danger conveyed by averted fearful gaze

Electrophysiological response to human voice in typical development and in autism

L’autisme est caractérisé par des difficultés majeures de la socialisation. Ces perturbations ont été mises en lien avec des déficits de perception des stimuli sociaux (voix, visages) chez des adultes avec autisme. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier la réponse électrophysiologique de la voix humaine au cours du développement dans l’autisme en comparaison au développement normal. Une réponse positive, spécifique à la voix, localisée au niveau fronto-temporal (Fronto-Temporal Positivity to Voice : FTPV) et latéralisée à droite a été mise en évidence chez les adultes et enfants sains. Bien que retardée d’environ 20 ms, cette réponse est également enregistrée chez les enfants avec autisme. En revanche, elle n’est pas observée chez les adultes avec autisme. Cette perte de fonctionnalité des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans le traitement de la voix est discutée selon une perspective développementale et en lien avec les déficits d’interactions sociales qui caractérisent l’autisme.Autism is characterized by major social disorders with difficulties that have been linked to disorders of perception of social stimuli (voices, faces) in adults with autism. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrophysiological response to human voice in normal development and in adults and children with autism. A specific positive response to voice located over the fronto-temporal region (Fronto-Temporal Positivity to Voice: FTPV) with right lateralization was identified in normal adults and children. Although delayed by about 20 ms, this specific response was also recorded in children with autism. In contrast, the FTPV was not present in adults with autism. This loss of function in neural networks involved in voice processing is discussed from a developmental perspective and in relation with the disorders of social interaction found in autism

Réponse électrophysiologique à la voix humaine au cours du développement normal et dans l'autisme

L autisme est caractérisé par des difficultés majeures de la socialisation. Ces perturbations ont été mises en lien avec des déficits de perception des stimuli sociaux (voix, visages) chez des adultes avec autisme. L objectif de ce travail est d étudier la réponse électrophysiologique de la voix humaine au cours du développement dans l autisme en comparaison au développement normal. Une réponse positive, spécifique à la voix, localisée au niveau fronto-temporal (Fronto-Temporal Positivity to Voice : FTPV) et latéralisée à droite a été mise en évidence chez les adultes et enfants sains. Bien que retardée d environ 20 ms, cette réponse est également enregistrée chez les enfants avec autisme. En revanche, elle n est pas observée chez les adultes avec autisme. Cette perte de fonctionnalité des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans le traitement de la voix est discutée selon une perspective développementale et en lien avec les déficits d interactions sociales qui caractérisent l autisme.Autism is characterized by major social disorders with difficulties that have been linked to disorders of perception of social stimuli (voices, faces) in adults with autism. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrophysiological response to human voice in normal development and in adults and children with autism. A specific positive response to voice located over the fronto-temporal region (Fronto-Temporal Positivity to Voice: FTPV) with right lateralization was identified in normal adults and children. Although delayed by about 20 ms, this specific response was also recorded in children with autism. In contrast, the FTPV was not present in adults with autism. This loss of function in neural networks involved in voice processing is discussed from a developmental perspective and in relation with the disorders of social interaction found in autism.TOURS-Bibl.électronique (372610011) / SudocSudocFranceF

Differences in white matter reflect atypical developmental trajectory in autism: A Tract-based Spatial Statistics study

AbstractAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which white matter (WM) maturation is affected. We assessed WM integrity in 16 adolescents and 14 adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in matched neurotypical controls (NT) using diffusion weighted imaging and Tract-based Spatial Statistics. Decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) was observed in adolescents with ASD in tracts involved in emotional face processing, language, and executive functioning, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi. Remarkably, no differences in FA were observed between ASD and NT adults.We evaluated the effect of age on WM development across the entire age range. Positive correlations between FA values and age were observed in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, the corpus callosum, and the cortical spinal tract of ASD participants, but not in NT participants.Our data underscore the dynamic nature of brain development in ASD, showing the presence of an atypical process of WM maturation, that appears to normalize over time and could be at the basis of behavioral improvements often observed in high-functioning autism

Region of interest analysis.

<p>Percent BOLD signal change with standard errors for the contrast upright>inverted in subcortical areas including the amygdala and the pulvinar for the right hemisphere (rh) and the left hemisphere (lh). Areas that were significantly different across Orientation (upright vs. inverted) are represented in solid color, and only the contours of those that failed to reach significance are shown.</p

Within-group contrasts when participants are attending to the eyes and mouth, for upright and inverted conditions <i>p _FDR <</i>0.05.

<p>Within-group contrasts when participants are attending to the eyes and mouth, for upright and inverted conditions <i>p _FDR <</i>0.05.</p

Participant characteristics.

<p>Note: Data are presented as the mean and standard deviation in parentheses. Abbreviations: PIQ = Performance IQ, ADI-R = Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised, ADOS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, N/A = not applicable.</p

Cortical activation for within-group whole brain analysis.

<p>Statistical maps of differences in fMRI activation for each group for each condition. Statistical maps are displayed on the inflated cortical surface of the template FreeSurfer brain (fsaverage), at <i>p</i><0.001 uncorrected, for visualization purposes, on the lateral, medial and ventral views of both hemispheres. Regions of greater activation for discrimination between upright thatcherized and normal faces are depicted in yellow to red; those for discrimination of inverted thatcherized faces from normal faces are depicted in cyan to blue. The grey mask covers subcortical regions in which activity cannot be expressed in surface rendering. The two left panels show activation for the condition where participants are attending to the eye-region to perform the task (top panel: NT; bottom panel: ASD). The two right panels show activation for the condition where participants are attending to the mouth-region to perform the task (top panel: NT; bottom panel: ASD).</p